2024 The james lange theory of emotion suggests that emotions are

Dec 18, 2022 · According to the Schachter-Singer theory of emotion, developed in 1962, there are two key components of an emotion: physical arousal and a cognitive label. In other words, the experience of emotion involves first having some kind of physiological response which the mind then identifies. Many cognitive theories of emotion emerged during the .... Blogaidyn arroyal

The Two-Factor Theory of Emotion. Whereas the James-Lange theory proposes that each emotion has a different pattern of arousal, the two-factor theory of emotion takes the opposite approach, arguing that the arousal that we experience is basically the same in every emotion, and that all emotions (including the basic emotions) are differentiated only …Aug 16, 2006 · William James’s theory of emotion is often criticized for placing too much emphasis on bodily feelings and neglecting the cognitive aspects of emotion. This paper suggests that such criticisms are misplaced. Interpreting James’s account of emotion in the light of his later philosophical writings, I argue that James does not emphasize bodily ...james lange theory of emotion: suggests that the emotional state is a result of the _____ we ... suggests that the physiological arousal is consistent across many emotions and requires a _____ label to associate it with a specific _____ ; suggests that _____ and _____ create an _____ nonverbal communication, facial feedback, cognitive ...Over time, several different theories of emotion, shown in Figure, have been proposed to explain how the various components of emotion interact with one another. The James-Lange theory of emotion asserts that emotions arise from physiological arousal. Recall what you have learned about the sympathetic nervous system and our fight or flight ... Figure 11.4 Three Theories of Emotion. The Cannon-Bard theory proposes that emotions and arousal occur at the same time. The James-Lange theory proposes the emotion is the result of arousal. Schachter and Singer’s two-factor model proposes that arousal and cognition combine to create emotion.Cognitive Appraisal Theory. A cognitive appraisal is our interpretation of the eliciting event and of our bodily reactions to the eliciting event. Remember, cognitive appraisal could occur unconsciously, as James-Lange suggested, or consciously, as Schachter-Singer discussed. Many appraisal dimensions exist (for examples, refer to Scherer (1997 ... The facial feedback hypothesis, rooted in the conjectures of Charles Darwin and William James, is that one's facial expression directly affects their emotional experience. Specifically, physiological activation of the facial regions associated with certain emotions holds a direct effect on the elicitation of such emotional states, and the lack ... James-Lange Theory One of the most prominent theories of emotion that comes into play in this context is the James-Lange theory. Attributed to William James and Carl Lange, this theory suggests that physiological change is primary, while the emotion that is triggered when our brain reacts to it is secondary.Jun 15, 2023 · The fundamental premise of this theory was that emotion had to be preceded by physical symptoms; without the experience of physical symptoms, emotions were not possible (Baumeister & Bushman, 2020). Walter Cannon proposed an alternative explanation to the James–Lange theory of emotion and the general understanding of emotion. Jan 10, 2023 · The Schacter-Singer theory draws on elements of both James-Lange theory and Cannon-Bard theory, proposing that physiological arousal occurs first but that such reactions are often similar for different emotions. The theory suggests that the physiological reactions must be cognitively labeled and interpreted as a particular emotion. Criticisms#Jul 17, 2013 · This paper argues for invoking evolutionary, functional thinking in analyzing emotions. It suggests that the fitness needs of normal individuals be kept in mind when trying to understand emotional behavior. This point of view is elaborated in sections addressing these topics: defining emotion; applying comparative analysis to the study of ...Figure 11.4 Three Theories of Emotion. The Cannon-Bard theory proposes that emotions and arousal occur at the same time. The James-Lange theory proposes the emotion is the result of arousal. Schachter and Singer’s two-factor model proposes that arousal and cognition combine to create emotion.Over time, several different theories of emotion, shown in Figure 2, have been proposed to explain how the various components of emotion interact with one another.The James-Lange theory of emotion asserts that emotions arise from physiological arousal. Recall what you have learned about the sympathetic nervous system and our fight or flight ... Ex: Your heart starts pounding as you experience fear. Two-factor theory. Arousal + Label= Emotion. Physical reactions and our thoughts together create emotion. Spillover effect. Arousal from something previous can descend into other activities. Ex: Man having just walked across a tedious bridge (adrenaline) sees a woman, thinks feelings of ...Jul 1, 2022 · of the James-Lange theory, it is challenged by studies show-ing that physical reactions can influence emotions (Coles, Larsen, & Lench, 2019). Two-Factor theory and its critique An influential synthe-sis of these earlier conceptualizations is Schachter & Singer’s Two-Factor theory of emotion, which posits that emotion isJan 8, 2023 · You can also see the Cannon-Bard Theory and James-Lange Theory for competing perspectives. Conclusion. The Schachter-Singer theory, also known as the two-factor theory of emotion, suggests that emotions result from the interaction between physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation. Dec 12, 2017 · A more recent theory of emotion incorporates elements of both the James-Lange and Cannon-Bard theories. The Schachter-Singer theory of emotion suggests that physical reactions occur first, but can ... The James-Lange theory of emotion proposes that emotions arise as the result of a physiological reaction to events. The theory suggests that when you see an external stimulus this leads to physiological reaction. The physiological reaction determines how you interpret that emotion e.g. I am frightened because I am trembling.Dec 12, 2017 · A more recent theory of emotion incorporates elements of both the James-Lange and Cannon-Bard theories. The Schachter-Singer theory of emotion suggests that physical reactions occur first, but can ... Dec 12, 2017 · A more recent theory of emotion incorporates elements of both the James-Lange and Cannon-Bard theories. The Schachter-Singer theory of emotion suggests that physical reactions occur first, but can ... According to the discrete emotions theory, emotional expressions are recognizable across cultures because. a. teaching children about emotional expression is important for survival in all. cultures. b. each emotion is associated with a distinct "motor program" that reflects genetically. influenced physiological responses that are essentially ...Over time, several different theories of emotion, shown in , have been proposed to explain how the various components of emotion interact with one another. The James-Lange theory of emotion asserts that emotions arise from physiological arousal. Recall what you have learned about the sympathetic nervous system and our fight or flight response ...A central tenet of the appraisal theory is the claim that emotions are elicited and differentiated on the basis of a person's subjective evaluation of the personal significance of a situation, object, or event. During the last 20 yrs, a number of authors (e.g., B. Weiner, 1986) have suggested that the nature of an emotional reaction can best be predicted on …Oct 5, 2023 · Several alternative theories of emotion have been proposed. One such theory is the James-Lange theory, which suggests that feelings result from physiological responses to external stimuli. According to this theory, we experience emotions because we have a physical response to a stimulus, such as increased heart rate or sweating.The James-Lange theory of emotion suggests that emotions Answers: a. involve arousal and labeling of its causes. b. cause bodily reactions. c. come after bodily reactions. d. occur simultaneously with bodily reactions. e. are not related to bodily reactions.Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like In the multidimensional scaling of emotions, participants:, The emotion of excitement has _____ and _____., You come home to find an intruder in your apartment. According to the James-Lange theory of emotion, which response would occur first? and more. Jan 8, 2023 · The Schachter-Singer theory suggests that emotions are not a simple response to stimuli but rather the result of the complex interaction between physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation. This theory goes against earlier theories of emotion, such as James-Lange theory and Cannon-Bard theory.Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like The process of ______ involves selecting, directing, and sustaining physical and mental activities., The process by which activities are started, directed, and halted so that physical or psychological needs or wants are met is called . . . ., The chief function homeostasis is to . . . and more.May 21, 2020 · One theory prominent in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century was the feeling theory, asserting that emotions are conscious feelings. A classic example of a feeling theory is the James-Lange theory (James, 1884; Lange, 1885), which posits that emotions are the perceptions of physiological changes in the body. Scientists and ...Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Jane is working overtime to exceed her sales targets so that she gets a higher income. The higher income, in this scenario, is an intrinsic reward., The James-Lange theory of emotion suggests that events are first processed by the brain. Body patterns of arousal, action, and our emotional responses are then triggered ... 2 days ago · The proposition that emotions are caused by bodily sensations. It was first propounded by the US psychologist William James (1842–1910) in the journal Mind in 1884 and most famously expounded in his Principles of Psychology (1890): ‘Our natural way of thinking … is that the mental perception of some fact excites the mental affection called …physiological arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously. According to the Schachter-Singer theory of emotion, we _____ the emotion we are experiencing by observing our environment and comparing ourselves with others. identify. Physiological arousal and _____ emanate from the thalamus, according to Cannon and Bard. …The facial feedback hypothesis, rooted in the conjectures of Charles Darwin and William James, is that one's facial expression directly affects their emotional experience. Specifically, physiological activation of the facial regions associated with certain emotions holds a direct effect on the elicitation of such emotional states, and the lack ... Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like In an experiment, Jay and Alissa are injected with the same concentration of a harmless drug. The purpose of the drug is to create arousal in the subjects who are injected. After a while, the arousal manifests as anger in Jay and as happiness in Alissa. Jay felt angry that he was injected with an …An emotion is a subjective state of being that we often describe as our feelings. Emotions result from the combination of subjective experience, expression, cognitive appraisal, and physiological responses (Levenson, Carstensen, Friesen, & Ekman, 1991). However, as discussed later in the chapter, the exact order in which the components occur is ... Jul 1, 2022 · of the James-Lange theory, it is challenged by studies show-ing that physical reactions can influence emotions (Coles, Larsen, & Lench, 2019). Two-Factor theory and its critique An influential synthe-sis of these earlier conceptualizations is Schachter & Singer’s Two-Factor theory of emotion, which posits that emotion isDec 8, 2016 · One of the first and major theories of emotions—the James-Lange theory of emotion (James, 1890)—suggests that physiological changes (including expressive behavior, facial expressions [crying, smiling] and peripheral, visceral responses [heart rate, emotional sweating etc.]) are actually temporally preceding what we call emotions . Thus, …An emotion is a subjective state of being that we often describe as our feelings. Emotions result from the combination of subjective experience, expression, cognitive appraisal, and physiological responses (Levenson, Carstensen, Friesen, & Ekman, 1991). However, as discussed later in the chapter, the exact order in which the components occur is ... Jan 1, 2020 · The term “cognitive theory of emotion” denotes a family of emotion theories, developed mostly in psychology and philosophy, which share the assumption that emotions (the episodic states of persons denoted in everyday language by words like “joy,” “sadness,” “hope,” “fear,” “anger,” “pity,” etc.), or at least a core subset of emotions, presuppose for …The James-Lange theory of emotion suggests that our emotional experiences occur because we are aware of our physiological responses to emotionally-charged stimuli. For example, if we witness an emotional moment in a movie and begin to feel our eyes tear up and our cheeks get hot, our brain processes this physiological state and determines that ...The James-Lange theory of emotion proposes that emotions arise as the result of a physiological reaction to events. The theory suggests that when you see an external stimulus this leads to physiological reaction. The physiological reaction determines how you interpret that emotion e.g. I am frightened because I am trembling.Disgust. Fear. Anger. Happiness. The James-Lange theory of emotion suggests that emotions are. a reaction to changing physiological states. One challenge for psychologists has been identifying. the most important, fundamental emotions. While hiking with friends, you notice the trail is coming close to a cliff.Nov 21, 2023 · The James-Lange theory asserts that physiological responses to outside stimuli are what causes an emotional response to occur, while the Cannon-Bard theory states that both physiological and ...Dec 12, 2017 · The theory was developed in 1927 by Walter B. Cannon and his graduate student, Philip Bard. It was established as an alternative to the James-Lange theory of emotion. This theory states that ...Over time, several different theories of emotion, shown in Figure 6, have been proposed to explain how the various components of emotion interact with one another. The James-Lange theory of emotion asserts that emotions arise from physiological arousal. Recall what you have learned about the sympathetic nervous system and our fight or flight ...Over time, several different theories of emotion, shown in , have been proposed to explain how the various components of emotion interact with one another. The James-Lange theory of emotion asserts that emotions arise from physiological arousal. Recall what you have learned about the sympathetic nervous system and our fight or flight response ... Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like 1. The James-Lange theory of emotion argues that emotions are the • a. product of perception of a bodily change provoked by a particular stimuli. • b. perception of bodily changes evoked by any stimulus. • c. integration of thoughts and feelings., 2. Evidence that two different emotions can elicit …The James-Lange theory suggests the order as the stimulus, physiological response, and then interpreting these physiological responses, which leads to emotion. Whereas Cannon-Bard suggested that emotions are felt when humans experience an emotion-evoking stimulus, the individual simultaneously experiences the emotion and physiological reaction.Aug 12, 2017 · are offered by Cannon-Bard and James-Lange theories of emotion. 2.2.1 James-Lange Theory of Emotion Proposed independently by psychologist William James and physiologist Carl Lange, the James-Lange theory of emotion proposes that emotions occur as a result of physiological reactions to events. According to this theory, you see …People from a variety of cultures are able to look at facial expressions and identify emotions like happiness and surprise. This evidence that facial expressions for emotions are universal suggests that: Children learn how to express emotion by watching others Evolution impacts the facial expressions we make when we experience emotion Cross-culturally, we learn how to express emotions in the ... Apr 11, 2021 · The James Lange theory of emotion states that emotion is equivalent to the range of physiological arousal caused by external events. The two scientists suggested …Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like The process of ______ involves selecting, directing, and sustaining physical and mental activities., The process by which activities are started, directed, and halted so that physical or psychological needs or wants are met is called . . . ., The chief function homeostasis is to . . . and more.Jan 16, 2024 · The James-Lange theory of emotion asserts that emotions arise from physiological arousal. Recall what you have learned about the sympathetic nervous …Components are emotion and motivation. Emotion. a mental and physiological state that directs out attention and guides our behavior. Basic emotions. anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise. Cognitive appraisal. cognitive interpretations that accompany emotions. Cannon-Bard theory of emotion. Jun 21, 2019 · This theory draws as much from the James-Lange theory as it does from the Cannon-Bard theory. Like James and Lange, Schachter and Singer also argued that emotions result from physiological responses. The critical factor would be the situation and your interpretation of these responses. This theory also suggests that when an event causes ... Nov 10, 2020 · 💡Tl;dr—Emotion -> Physiological response. James-Lange Theory. This theory said that emotion is the result of a physiological response, which in turn activates the emotion, which is the opposite of the common sense theory. An example of this is, "we feel sad because we cry, angry because we tense up, and afraid because we tremble.” James-Lange theory of emotion: emotions arise from physiological arousal. polygraph: lie detector test that measures physiological arousal of individuals as they answer a series of questions. Schachter-Singer two-factor theory of emotion: emotions consist of two factors: physiological and cognitive Which theory of emotion suggests that emotions are the result of physiological changes in the body? - Two-factor theory. - Cannon-Bard theory. - Facial feedback theory. - James-Lange theory. - Cognitive mediational theory. James-Lange theory. T/F: The James-Lange Theory was discovered cooperatively by William Lange and Carl James.Aug 12, 2017 · are offered by Cannon-Bard and James-Lange theories of emotion. 2.2.1 James-Lange Theory of Emotion Proposed independently by psychologist William James and physiologist Carl Lange, the James-Lange theory of emotion proposes that emotions occur as a result of physiological reactions to events. According to this theory, you see …Oct 19, 2023 · The James-Lange theory of emotion states that emotions are caused by physiological arousal, which is caused by external stimuli. This theory is one of the early counter-intuitive theories that attempts to …106-124. Walter Cannon's article on the James-Lange theory of emotions was. an attack on the fundamental notions of emotion held by most. psychologists since its postulation by …Dec 18, 2022 · According to the Schachter-Singer theory of emotion, developed in 1962, there are two key components of an emotion: physical arousal and a cognitive label. In other words, the experience of emotion involves first having some kind of physiological response which the mind then identifies. Many cognitive theories of emotion emerged during the ...Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like The James-Lange theory of emotion and the facial feedback hypothesis are similar in that they both suggest that, in emotional situations, ____., Which of the following theories of emotion suggests that people may sometimes mislabel, or relabel, their arousal as one emotion versus another?, A famous study conducted by social ... Nov 21, 2023 · Misattribution of arousal stems from some fundamental research; for instance, the psychologist William James and Carl Lange proposed that the James-Lange theory of emotions provides the framework ...Jan 16, 2024 · The James-Lange theory of emotion asserts that emotions arise from physiological arousal. Recall what you have learned about the sympathetic nervous …Which theory of emotion suggests that emotions are the result of physiological changes in the body? - Two-factor theory. - Cannon-Bard theory. - Facial feedback theory. - James-Lange theory. - Cognitive mediational theory. James-Lange theory. T/F: The James-Lange Theory was discovered cooperatively by William Lange and Carl James.Figure 11.4 Three Theories of Emotion. The Cannon-Bard theory proposes that emotions and arousal occur at the same time. The James-Lange theory proposes the emotion is the result of arousal. Schachter and Singer’s two-factor model proposes that arousal and cognition combine to create emotion.Which theory of emotion suggests that emotions are the result of physiological changes in the body? - Two-factor theory. - Cannon-Bard theory. - Facial feedback theory. - James-Lange theory. - Cognitive mediational theory. James-Lange theory. T/F: The James-Lange Theory was discovered cooperatively by William Lange and Carl James.The James-Lange theory of emotion suggests that physical changes in the body happen first, which then leads to the experience of emotion. Essentially, emotions stem from your interpretation of your physical sensations. For example, your heart beating wildly would lead you to realize … See moreThe James-Lange theory of emotion states that: A.the emotions we experience cause our bodily reactions. B.our perception of bodily responses leads to our emotions. C.our emotions and bodily responses occur simultaneously. D.emotion and physical reaction happen independently but at the same time. The basic emotion theory proposed that each emotion has its own dedicated neural circuitry that is architecturally distinct. For example, fear is a kind of emotion that produce subjective feelings through separate neural pathways of the central nervous system, or peripheral nervous systems (Cowen and Keltner, 2018).Therefore, studying the neural basis might …The James-Lange theory of emotion suggests that physical changes occur in response to a given stimulus, influencing our emotions. William James and Carl Lange first devised the James-Lange theory in the 1880s. William James and Carl Lange had two distinct theories behind the emotion. James believed that the nervous system's responses to stimuli ... This suggests that the emotion and aviodance occurs as a result of the physiological reaction, as theory predicted. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing …Jun 21, 2019 · This theory draws as much from the James-Lange theory as it does from the Cannon-Bard theory. Like James and Lange, Schachter and Singer also argued that emotions result from physiological responses. The critical factor would be the situation and your interpretation of these responses. This theory also suggests that when an event causes ... Sep 25, 2018 · James’ proposal, often labeled as the James-Lange theory because it is rather similar to the one offered around the same time by Lange (1885), stated that …Jun 15, 2023 · The fundamental premise of this theory was that emotion had to be preceded by physical symptoms; without the experience of physical symptoms, emotions were not possible (Baumeister & Bushman, 2020). Walter Cannon proposed an alternative explanation to the James–Lange theory of emotion and the general understanding of emotion. Dec 12, 2017 · A more recent theory of emotion incorporates elements of both the James-Lange and Cannon-Bard theories. The Schachter-Singer theory of emotion suggests that physical reactions occur first, but can ... The James-Lange theory of emotion suggests that physical changes occur in response to a given stimulus, influencing our emotions. William James and Carl Lange first devised the James-Lange theory in the 1880s. William James and Carl Lange had two distinct theories behind the emotion. James believed that the nervous system's responses to stimuli ... Which theory of emotion suggests that emotions are the result of physiological changes in the body? - Two-factor theory. - Cannon-Bard theory. - Facial feedback theory. - James-Lange theory. - Cognitive mediational theory. James-Lange theory. T/F: The James-Lange Theory was discovered cooperatively by William Lange and Carl James.The James-Lange theory of emotion suggests that emotions. Group of answer choices. cause bodily reactions. come after bodily reactions. are not related to bodily reactions. occur simultaneously with bodily reactions. Regarding stimulus motives, which of the following statements is NOT true? Group of answer choices. Nov 9, 2023 · James-Lange theory of emotion (the 1880s) proposed that bodily changes come first and form the basis of an emotional experience. Thus, emotions are caused by …Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like The process of ______ involves selecting, directing, and sustaining physical and mental activities., The process by which activities are started, directed, and halted so that physical or psychological needs or wants are met is called . . . ., The chief function homeostasis is to . . . and more.

Over time, several different theories of emotion, shown in Figure 2, have been proposed to explain how the various components of emotion interact with one another. The James-Lange theory of emotion asserts that emotions arise from physiological arousal. Recall what you have learned about the sympathetic nervous system and our fight or flight ... . Bengal kittens for sale dollar300

the james lange theory of emotion suggests that emotions are

Jul 28, 2022 · Emotions are automatic and primary patterns of purposeful cognitive-behavioral organizations. They have three main functions: coordination, signaling, and information. First, emotions coordinate organs and tissues, thus predisposing the body to peculiar responses. Scholars have not reached a consensus on the plausibility of …The James-Lange theory of emotion (Lange and James, 1922) suggests that different patterns of arousal in the autonomic nervous system create the different emotions people …Oct 19, 2023 · The James-Lange theory of emotion states that emotions are caused by physiological arousal, which is caused by external stimuli. This theory is one of the early counter-intuitive theories that attempts to …Nov 13, 2023 · The James-Lange Theory of Emotion. The James-Lange Theory is named after two independent psychologists who had similar ideas about emotions. Those …Ex: Your heart starts pounding as you experience fear. Two-factor theory. Arousal + Label= Emotion. Physical reactions and our thoughts together create emotion. Spillover effect. Arousal from something previous can descend into other activities. Ex: Man having just walked across a tedious bridge (adrenaline) sees a woman, thinks feelings of ...Jun 27, 2019 · The Facial-Feedback Theory of Emotion suggests that facial expressions are crucial to experiencing emotion. This theory is connected to the work of Charles Darwin and William James that hypothesized that facial expressions impact emotion as opposed to their being a response to an emotion. This theory holds that emotions are directly tied to ...The basic emotion theory proposed that each emotion has its own dedicated neural circuitry that is architecturally distinct. For example, fear is a kind of emotion that produce subjective feelings through separate neural pathways of the central nervous system, or peripheral nervous systems (Cowen and Keltner, 2018).Therefore, studying the neural basis might …Jan 1, 2022 · behind human emotions (Plutchik & Kellerman 2013). For example, the James-Lange theory suggests that emotions occur as a result of physiological reactions to events; the Cognitive Appraisal theory claims that the sequence of events ﬁrst involves a stimulus, followed by thought, which then leads to the simultaneous physiological response and ...Jan 8, 2023 · The Schachter-Singer theory suggests that emotions are not a simple response to stimuli but rather the result of the complex interaction between physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation. This theory goes against earlier theories of emotion, such as James-Lange theory and Cannon-Bard theory.People from a variety of cultures are able to look at facial expressions and identify emotions like happiness and surprise. This evidence that facial expressions for emotions are universal suggests that: Children learn how to express emotion by watching others Evolution impacts the facial expressions we make when we experience emotion Cross-culturally, we learn how to express emotions in the ... Sep 14, 2007 · In the history of emotion theory, four major explanations for the complex mental and physical experiences that we call "feelings" have been put forward. They are the James-Lange theory in the 1920s, the Cannon-Bard theory in the 1930s, the Schacter-Singer theory in the 1960s, and most recently, the Lazarus theory, developed in the …Jan 16, 2024 · The James-Lange theory asserts that emotions arise as a function of physiological arousal. The Cannon-Bard theory maintains that emotional experience occurs simultaneous to and independent of physiological arousal. The Schachter-Singer two-factor theory suggests that physiological arousal receives cognitive labels as a function of the …Ex: Your heart starts pounding as you experience fear. Two-factor theory. Arousal + Label= Emotion. Physical reactions and our thoughts together create emotion. Spillover effect. Arousal from something previous can descend into other activities. Ex: Man having just walked across a tedious bridge (adrenaline) sees a woman, thinks feelings of ...Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like The James-Lange theory of emotion and the facial feedback hypothesis are similar in that they both suggest that, in emotional situations, ____., Which of the following theories of emotion suggests that people may sometimes mislabel, or relabel, their arousal as one emotion versus another?, A famous study conducted by social ... Semantic Scholar extracted view of "The James-Lange theory of emotions: a critical examination and an alternative theory. By Walter B. Cannon, 1927." ... The complexity of the regulatory process suggests that information on stressors is integrated across functional disparate brain circuits prior to accessing the PVN, with regions such as the ....

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